Project and content management for Contemporary Authors volumes
WORK TITLE: Responding to Human Trafficking
WORK NOTES:
PSEUDONYM(S):
BIRTHDATE: 1972
WEBSITE:
CITY:
STATE:
COUNTRY:
NATIONALITY:
http://www.une.edu/people/alicia-w-peters * https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2016/09/book-review
RESEARCHER NOTES:
LC control no.:
no2015134007
LCCN Permalink:
https://lccn.loc.gov/no2015134007
HEADING:
Peters, Alicia W., 1972-
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PERSONAL
Born 1972.
EDUCATION:Wellesley College, B.A.; Columbia University, M.A., Ph.D.
ADDRESS
CAREER
Academic and anthropologist. University of New England, Biddeford, ME, associate professor of anthropology.
WRITINGS
Contributor to Anthropological Quarterly and the Huffington Post.
SIDELIGHTS
Alicia W. Peters is an academic and anthropologist. After graduating from Wellesley College, she completed a Ph.D. from Columbia University. Peters eventually became an associate professor of anthropology and affiliated faculty in the Women’s and Gender Studies Program at the University of New England, where she has lectured on a number of topics, such as cultural anthropology, medical anthropology, human trafficking, ethnographic methods, and critical perspectives on gender and sexuality. Her academic research looks at the ways that cultural understandings of gender and sexuality influence conceptions of human trafficking and also the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking law and policy. Peters has published articles in a number of academic journals and periodicals, including Anthropological Quarterly and the Huffington Post.
Peters published her first book, Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law, in 2015. The account examines the narrow definition applied to human trafficking in U.S. law that focuses primarily on sexual exploitation at the expense of other forms of trafficking. Peters points to how this implementation of the specific focus of the law effects victims as they attempt to gain justice for the crimes committed against them. Peters approaches the subject from an ethnographic perspective, including many first-hand accounts from victims and commentary from lawyers, judges and legal authorities.
Reviewing the book in the Oxford Law Faculty Blog, Devony Schmidt admitted: “While I very much enjoyed this book, I found myself wanting to know more about the struggles many victims face in leaving their trafficking situation.” Schmidt concluded that “Peters has shed light on a critically under-studied area of human trafficking law, specifically through a victim and practitioner-centred approach. She’s set a high bar for future research in this field and brought attention to key areas for policy development. Responding to Human Trafficking is a sharply-written work with lessons for academics, policy makers, and service providers alike.” Writing in the Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Book Reviews, Barbara Ann Stolz opined that “the overall strength of the Peters’ book is that it offers food for thought on issues involved in the implementation of law, trafficking or otherwise. Using the ethnographic approach, the study captures the views of those charged with interpreting the law in practice. Accordingly, the book presents what is, not what should be.” Stolz pointed out, however, that “the the limitation of the study is the evidentiary time-frame, particularly with respect to the interviews, which were conducted between 2006 and 2008; the book was published in 2015.” Stolz concluded that “the long-term importance of the Peters’ book is the questions it raises–questions that may be applied to the continued analysis of federal trafficking legislation, which is subject to reauthorization (every two years by law; periodically, in practice) and its implementation.”
BIOCRIT
PERIODICALS
Choice, June 1, 2016, D.O. Friedrichs, review of Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law, p. 1510.
Social Anthropology, February 1, 2017, review of Responding to Human Trafficking, p. 132.
ONLINE
Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Book Reviews, http://clcjbooks.rutgers.edu/ (September 1, 2016), Barbara Ann Stolz, review of Responding to Human Trafficking.
Oxford Law Faculty Blog, https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/ (September 9, 2016), D. Schmidt, review of Responding to Human Trafficking.
University of New England Web site, http://www.une.edu/ (April 23, 2017), author profile.
Wenner-Gren Foundation Web site, http://www.wennergren.org/ (April 23, 2017), author profile.*
Alicia Peters is associate professor of anthropology and affiliated faculty in the Women's and Gender Studies Program. Her teaching interests include cultural anthropology, medical anthropology, ethnographic methods, human trafficking, and critical perspectives on gender and sexuality. Professor Peters' research examines how cultural understandings of gender and sexuality influence conceptions of human trafficking and the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking law and policy. She is the author of the book, Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law, published in 2015 by the University of Pennsylvania Press as part of its Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights series.
Responding to Human Trafficking
Education
Ph.D.
Columbia University
B.A.
Wellesley College
M.A.
Columbia University
Cultural anthropology; medical anthropology; ethnographic methods; gender sexuality health and human rights; law culture and policy; human trafficking
Current Research
Professor Peters' research examines how cultural understandings of gender and sexuality influence conceptions of human trafficking and the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking law and policy. She recently published Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law. The book, released by the University of Pennsylvania Press as part of its Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights series, is the first to examine the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking law and policy and to explore the complexity of issues arising around the issue from an ethnographic perspective.
Signed into law in 2000, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) defined the crime of human trafficking and brought attention to an issue previously unknown to most Americans. But while human trafficking is widely considered a serious and despicable crime, there has been far less consensus as to how to approach the problem—owing in part to a pervasive emphasis on forced prostitution that overshadows repugnant practices in other labor sectors affecting vulnerable populations. Responding to Human Trafficking examines the ways in which cultural perceptions of sexual exploitation and victimhood inform the drafting, interpretation, and implementation of U.S. antitrafficking law, as well as the law's effects on trafficking victims.
Drawing from interviews with social workers and case managers, attorneys, investigators, and government administrators as well as trafficked persons, Peters explores how cultural and symbolic frameworks regarding sex, gender, and victimization were incorporated into the drafting of the TVPA and have been replicated through the interpretation and implementation of the law. Tracing the path of the TVPA over the course of nearly a decade, Responding to Human Trafficking reveals the profound gaps in understanding that pervade implementation as service providers and criminal justice authorities strive to collaborate and perform their duties. Ultimately, this sensitive ethnography sheds light on the complex and wide-ranging effects of the TVPA on the victims it was designed to protect.
Responding to Human Trafficking http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15434.html
Selected Publications
2015
Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2014
“Challenging the Sex/Labor Trafficking Dichotomy with Victim Experience,” In Parreñas, Rhacel Salazer and Kimberly Kay Hoang (Eds.) Human Trafficking Reconsidered: Rethinking the Problem, Envisioning New Solutions. New York: International Debate Education Association.
2013
“’Things that involve sex are just different’: U.S. Anti-trafficking Law and Policy on the Books, in their Minds, and in Action,” Anthropological Quarterly, 86(1).
2012
“Broadening the Lens on Human Trafficking,” Huffington Post, American Anthropological Association Blog, August 2. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/broadening-the-lens-on-hu_b_1728820.html.
Research Topics
Human Trafficking
Peters, Alicia Wood
Grant Type: Dissertation Fieldwork Grant
Insitutional Affiliation: Columbia U.
Status: Completed Grant
Approve Date: November 1, 2006
Project Title: Peters, Alicia Wood, Columbia U., New York, NY - To aid research on 'Interpretation, Mediation, and Implementation of U.S. Anti-Trafficking Law and Policy: Women, NGOs, and the State,' supervised by Dr. Carole Susan Vance
ALICIA W. PETERS, then a student at Columbia University, New York, New York, received funding in November 2006 to aid research on 'Interpretation, Mediation and Implementation of U.S. Anti-trafficking Law and Policy: Women, NGOs and the State,' supervised by Dr. Carole S. Vance. The project is an ethnographic study of the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking policy in the New York metropolitan area. This study uses ethnographic methods to analyze the implementation of anti-trafficking law and policy on the ground, utilizing multi-sited methods and recognizing that state policy is enacted by a variety of officials with diverse interpretive systems about sexuality, gender, and national purity. Specifically, this study focuses on the diverse meanings and implications of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 and its reauthorizations by exploring a series of simultaneous narratives and discourses on trafficking: the official and dominant discourse produced via federal law, policy, reports, and speeches; the interpretations of federal and local officials; the experiential narratives of trafficked persons; and the accounts produced by NGOs serving as interpreters, advocates, liaisons, and mediators between trafficked persons and the state. The primary methods employed in the research were participant observation at an NGO providing services to victims of trafficking; in-depth interviews with service providers, law enforcement and government officials, and survivors of trafficking; and archival and policy analysis of legislative action, speeches, and reports related to trafficking.
4/12/17, 12(16 PM
Print Marked Items
Peters, Alicia W.: Responding to human trafficking: sex, gender, and culture in the law
D.O. Friedrichs
CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries. 53.10 (June 2016): p1510. From Book Review Index Plus.
Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition)
Friedrichs, D.O. "Peters, Alicia W.: Responding to human trafficking: sex, gender, and culture in the law." CHOICE:
Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, June 2016, p. 1510+. PowerSearch, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do? p=GPS&sw=w&u=schlager&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA454942847&it=r&asid=33d9c17a03e8355b05d627a9504491c8. Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.
Gale Document Number: GALE|A454942847
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4/12/17, 12(16 PM
Peters, Alicia W. 2015. Responding to human trafficking: sex, gender, and culture in the law. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 256 pp. Hb.: US$59.95. ISBN: 9780812247336
Hannah Marshall
Social Anthropology.
25.1 (Feb. 2017): p132. From Book Review Index Plus. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12362
Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition)
Marshall, Hannah. "Peters, Alicia W. 2015. Responding to human trafficking: sex, gender, and culture in the law.
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 256 pp. Hb.: US$59.95. ISBN: 9780812247336." Social Anthropology, vol. 25, no. 1, 2017, p. 132+. PowerSearch, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do? p=GPS&sw=w&u=schlager&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA481234282&it=r&asid=b162a898047cca2a624a59dcb6f53ed7. Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.
Gale Document Number: GALE|A481234282
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Book Review: Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex Gender and Culture in the Law
09 Sep 2016
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Guest post by Devony Schmidt, MPhil candidate in European Politics and Society at the University of Oxford, St. Antony’s College. Her research explores the intersection of law and politics, analysing the diffusion of trafficking law across the US and judicial decision-making models in the European Court of Human Rights. Devony is starting a JD at Harvard Law School this autumn.
Review of Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender and Culture in the Law by Alicia W. Peters (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)
Why does the United States’ approach to human trafficking have such a narrow focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation at the expense of other forms of trafficking? And what are the effects of this focus on victims as they navigate a complex and sometimes contradictory justice and support system? These are the core questions at the heart of Responding to Human Trafficking. Through a compelling ethnography, Peters presents a fascinating critique of the American justice and victim services system, largely allowing her varied informants to speak for themselves.
Peters organises her analysis of the US Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) into three sections: the law ‘on the books,’ ‘in the mind,’ and ‘in action.’ By arranging her research in this way, she is able to effectively tease out the difficulties faced by individuals involved in both the prosecution of traffickers and the support and protection of victims―difficulties which have arisen in part due to conflicts of interest that occurred during the drafting of the laws. The TVPA, she shows, has a tiered structure involving three dichotomous elements. The challenges created by these three elements underpin her arguments throughout the book.
First, the TVPA provides operational (triggering victim benefits) and non-operational definitions of trafficking that, due to political manoeuvring at the time of drafting, conflate trafficking with prostitution. Second, the operational definition is itself bifurcated, such that trafficking for forced sexual exploitation is a unique and privileged category of trafficking. Third, there are distinct criminal statutes governing sex trafficking and forced labour, which creates inconsistencies regarding which individuals can be termed ‘victims’ of trafficking and which situations can actually be prosecuted as a crime of trafficking. This latter point is particularly salient: in fact, in the US, ‘an individual defrauded into forced labor could meet the definition of a victim of a severe form of trafficking… yet there is no prosecutable crime’ under the TVPA (p. 68). The distinction between sex trafficking and other forms of trafficking was retained in the statutes as a compromise with key individuals and groups involved in an abolitionist moral crusade against prostitution specifically, whether forced or voluntary, and this has far-reaching consequences on the ways the public and government officials perceive and address trafficking in the US.
Although her explanation of the historical development of the TVPA provides a helpful lens through which to analyse the implementation of the laws, Peters’ strongest contribution to the existing literature on trafficking law in the US lies in her analysis of (1) victim responses to their own trafficking situations and (2) the tensions between prosecutors and service providers, which can strongly impact victims after leaving the trafficking situation. She uses interviews with victims to highlight how, from the standpoint of victims, being trafficked into forced labour or forced prostitution, didn’t impact them as much as did the circumstances of that situation. Their stories suggest that the legal distinction in the TVPA between trafficking for sexual exploitation or for forced labour is unhelpful, and rather, that more focus on the psychological and physical abuse and isolation is needed when implementing victim support and pursuing justice.
Peters uses comments by prosecutors, government officials, and case managers to show how those involved in pursuing criminal convictions and in victim support believe they are fulfilling their duties to the best of their abilities, and yet, they are falling short of fulfilling victims’ needs. Her penultimate chapter’s discussion of the granting of Continued Presence permits to trafficking victims involved in an ongoing investigation and the granting of ‘T visas’ for those awarded victim status, including a nuanced explanation of the varying requirements for each, provides a compelling and disconcerting look at how even the most well-meaning individuals can become inwardly focused, sometimes at the expense of the victims themselves. This is one area where the Peters’ research can have an immediate, victim-centred impact: the shortcomings highlighted in the book are an opportune starting point for restructuring the existing system and re-training those involved in supporting trafficking victims in all capacities. The policy implications here are undeniable.
While I very much enjoyed this book, I found myself wanting to know more about the struggles many victims face in leaving their trafficking situation. Why are some re-trafficked, for example? Are their experiences navigating the justice system more similar or different to those interviewed in this book? Similarly, I wanted to hear more about the perspectives of the prostitution abolitionist activists. While Peters casts their involvement as key in the development of anti-trafficking laws, she doesn’t spend much time on their arguments nor does she interview any directly. Finally, it would have been useful for Peters to more clearly acknowledge trafficking for sexual exploitation as a global phenomenon and make connections to issues of victim impacts that go beyond the national borders of the US.
Peters has shed light on a critically under-studied area of human trafficking law, specifically through a victim and practitioner-centred approach. She’s set a high bar for future research in this field and brought attention to key areas for policy development. Responding to Human Trafficking is a sharply-written work with lessons for academics, policy makers, and service providers alike.
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__________
How to cite this blog post (Harvard style):
Schmidt, D. (2016) Book Review: Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex Gender and Culture in the Law. Available at: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/ 2016/05/book-review-5 (Accessed [date]).
Alicia W. Peters publishes book on human trafficking
September 17, 2015
Cover of Responding to Human Trafficking
Alicia Peters
Alicia Peters
BIDDEFORD, Maine Alicia W. Peters, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Society, Culture, and Languages, recently published Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the Law. The book, released by the University of Pennsylvania Press as part of its Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights series, is the first to examine the implementation of U.S. anti-trafficking law and policy and to explore the complexity of issues arising around the issue from an ethnographic perspective.
According to Peters, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), signed into law in 2000, defined the crime of human trafficking and brought attention to an issue previously unknown to most Americans. But while human trafficking is widely considered a serious and despicable crime, there has been far less consensus on how to approach the problem—owing in part to a pervasive emphasis on forced prostitution that overshadows repugnant practices in other labor sectors affecting vulnerable populations.
Responding to Human Trafficking examines the ways in which cultural perceptions of sexual exploitation and victimhood inform the drafting, interpretation and implementation of U.S. antitrafficking law as well as the law's effects on trafficking victims. Drawing from interviews with social workers and case managers, attorneys, investigators, and government administrators as well as trafficked persons, Peters explores how cultural and symbolic frameworks regarding sex, gender and victimization were incorporated intothe drafting of the TVPA and have been replicated through the interpretation and implementation of the law.
Tracing the path of the TVPA over the course of nearly a decade, Responding to Human Trafficking reveals the profound gaps in understanding that pervade implementation as service providers and criminal justice authorities strive to collaborate and perform their duties. Accoording to Peters, the book sheds light on the complex and wide-ranging effects of the TVPA on the victims it was designed to protect.
RESPONDING TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SEX, GENDER, AND CULTURE IN LAW
Author: Alicia W. Peters
Publisher: Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. 244p.
Reviewer: Barbara Ann Stolz | September 2016
Two recent studies employing qualitative methods provide a macro and micro perspective on the U.S. response to human trafficking. Alicia Peters’ ethnography, Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Law,examines beliefs about sex, gender, victimization, crime, and vulnerability as they intersect the drafting, interpretation, and implementation of the 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and its subsequent reauthorizations (2003, 2005, 2008, and 2013). The book seeks to uncover the distinctive meanings that people assign to trafficking and the elements of the TVPA. In Human Trafficking in the Midwest: A Case Study of St. Louis and the Bi-State Area, Erin C. Heil and Andrea J. Nichols explore local responses to human trafficking in Illinois and Missouri. Both studies utilize participant observation and interviews with law enforcement, prosecutors, service providers, and representatives of nongovernmental organizations/advocacy groups as the primary means of data collection. Each study examines human trafficking statutes and the implementation of statutory provisions, albeit in different contexts. Peters focuses on the federal legislation, while Heil and Nichols consider not only federal law but also the state laws of Missouri and Illinois. Both studies attempt to explain the tendency to emphasize sex trafficking in responding to trafficking, despite both sex and labor trafficking falling under the statutes. Additionally, both studies address implications for law in action and future anti-trafficking policy.
For Peters, the central questions at the federal level are: (1) What has led to trafficking’s narrow construction as an issue predominantly about sex? and (2) How does that affect victims of trafficking? To address these questions, the book is organized into three sections. Part I “Trafficking on the Books” focuses on the political conflicts and compromises that led to the TVPA’s definition of trafficking, thereby establishing the legal framework underlying federal-level anti-trafficking policy and practice. Part II “Thinking, Envisioning, and Interpreting Trafficking” explores how various individuals involved in or affected by the implementation of the federal law–law enforcement, prosecutors, service providers, and trafficking survivors–understand trafficking and make sense of the law. Part III “The Law in Action” examines the application of the law. The thread integrating the three sections is the dichotomy between sex and labor trafficking, set out in the law and carried into practice subject to the discretion of the professionals responsible for its implementation.
In Part I, the author concludes that the final legislative compromise defining trafficking led to three dichotomous elements in the TVPA: (1) operative and non-operative definitions of trafficking which purposely conflated prostitution with trafficking; (2) a bifurcated operational definition of trafficking in which trafficking for forced commercial sex was marked as a special category; and (3) separate criminal statutes for sex trafficking and forced labor, which in turn created inconsistencies between who could be considered a victim of trafficking and what could be prosecuted as the crime of trafficking. She further asserts that this dichotomy emerged due to the polarization around the issue of sex-trafficking and significantly influenced the way in which trafficking would be conceived from that point forward. Much of the legislative history of the TVPA will not be new to those who have followed the issue, and some will disagree with the interpretation of the facts. Nevertheless, the summary sets the stage for the author’s discussion of the act’s implementation–the complexities of the law in the minds of those implementing it, resulting in uneven consequences for victims. Additionally, the inclusion of comments from interviews with congressional staffers, a federal policy advisor, and others provides some first-hand perspective on the political dynamics of the time.
No matter how clear and straightforward a law may appear on the books, implementation involves interpretation of the law. Gaps in the law allow for other factors to influence the application of the law by those charged with its implementation. In Part II Peters draws from interviews to illustrate differences between the perspectives of criminal justice and victim service sector professionals on the subject of sex as it relates to trafficking, in particular the “special status assigned to so-called sex trafficking” by law enforcement. Although not generalizable, these vignettes do provide examples of variations in the definition of trafficking as applied in practice. Additionally, Peters presents impressions of survivors, concluding that the bifurcation of trafficking into sex and labor makes no sense when viewed through the lens of lived experience.
Part III explores the law in action, asserting that to implement anti-trafficking measures, service providers and criminal justice authorities have to integrate sometimes-competing understandings of trafficking. She contends that inconsistencies in the law and the discretionary powers of law enforcement agents result in huge meaning gaps in what counts as trafficking and who counts as a victim. Moreover, although implementation conflicts among the many parties could be attributed to the newness of the law and “personalities,” the larger obstacles erupted from the law itself. She underscores that complicated issues required extensive training and paradigm shifts in the years following the law’s passage, particularly among prosecutors and law enforcement agencies. Additionally, she iterates the difficulties with law enforcement reported by the service providers interviewed. The author ends the section on a positive note, including a summary of and commentary on United States v. Carreto, which became a textbook example of multisector collaboration.
The overall strength of the Peters’ book is that it offers food for thought on issues involved in the implementation of law, trafficking or otherwise. Using the ethnographic approach, the study captures the views of those charged with interpreting the law in practice. Accordingly, the book presents what is, not what should be. “What is,” however, is snapshot at a point in time. Generally, the strength ascribed to an ethnographic study is the depth of the description; the weakness is that the analysis is not generalizable to other communities or even a different point in time in the same community. In this instance, the limitation of the study is the evidentiary time-frame, particularly with respect to the interviews, which were conducted between 2006 and 2008; the book was published in 2015. As those familiar with trafficking well-know, issues such as the need for training or collaboration among organizations with diverse perspectives on trafficking may be addressed at one point in time but then recur. Although the need for training, particularly multisector trainings to raise awareness about the complexity of the problem and need for nontraditional alliances, has been recognized, the availability of resources to provide such training ebbs and flows with budgetary fluctuations. Consequently, the long-term importance of the Peters’ book is the questions it raises–questions that may be applied to the continued analysis of federal trafficking legislation, which is subject to reauthorization (every two years by law; periodically, in practice) and its implementation.
In conjunction with the Peters’ book, this reviewer would recommend reading Human Trafficking: A Strategic Framework Could Help Enhance the Interagency Collaboration Need to Effectively Combat Trafficking Crimes (July 2007, GAO-07-915) and the Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The former highlights efforts undertaken to address concerns raised in the Peters’ book and overlaps with the time period of Peters’ interviews. The latter provides an annual update on U.S. domestic trafficking efforts. Additionally, Janice Raymond’s Not a Choice, Not a Job: Exposing the Myths about Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade, provides a contrasting view on federal legislative events (See review).