Project and content management for Contemporary Authors volumes
WORK TITLE: Near Abroad
WORK NOTES:
PSEUDONYM(S):
BIRTHDATE: 1962
WEBSITE: https://toal.org/
CITY: Washington
STATE: DC
COUNTRY:
NATIONALITY:
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/dr-gerard-toal * https://www.spia.vt.edu/gerardtoal/ * https://toal.org/about/
RESEARCHER NOTES:
LC control no.: n 95107446
LCCN Permalink: https://lccn.loc.gov/n95107446
HEADING: Toal, Gerard
000 00728cz a2200181n 450
001 3158288
005 20161117075736.0
008 951031n| azannaab |a aaa
010 __ |a n 95107446
035 __ |a (DLC)n 95107446
040 __ |a DLC |b eng |e rda |c DLC |d DLC
046 __ |f 19620921
100 1_ |a Toal, Gerard
400 1_ |w nne |a Ó Tuathail, Gearóid
670 __ |a Critical geopolitics, 1996: |b CIP t.p. (Gearóid Ó Tuathail (Gerard Toal))
670 __ |a An unruly world? 1997: |b CIP t.p. (Gearóid Ó Tuathail) data sheet (b. 09-21-62) galley (assoc prof, geography, Virginia Tech and State Univ.)
670 __ |a Email from publisher, May 17, 2010 |b (author prefers authorized heading to be changed to Toal, Gerard)
953 __ |a sc18 |b rf11
PERSONAL
Born September 21, 1962, in Ireland; married; children: two daughters.
EDUCATION:National University of Ireland, B.A., 1982; University of Illinois, M.A., 1984; Syracuse University, Ph.D., 1989.
ADDRESS
CAREER
Author. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, assistant professor, 1989-1999, professor, 1999—.
AWARDS:Received grant from the National Science Foundation; USC Center for International Studies fellow; Copenhagen Peace Research Institute fellow.
WRITINGS
Editorial board member for Nationalities Papers and Political Geography; Eurasian Geography and Economics, associate editor; Geopolitics, associate editor.
SIDELIGHTS
Gerard Toal has spent his professional years largely within the realm of academia. Toal has long been affiliated with Virginia Tech, where he is a professor and the founder of the school’s program for international affairs. Prior to launching his career, Toal attended the National University of Ireland, University of Illinois, and Syracuse University, where he earned his undergraduate, master’s, and postdoctoral degrees, respectively. His academic specialty is geopolitics, among several other related subjects. In an interview featured on the Exploring Geopolitics website, Toal explained that his initial interest in his chosen subject began when he was a young child, still discovering the world around him and how the experiences of others differed so wildly from his own. Toal also contributes to his field through writing. He is involved in the editing process of several publications, including an editorial board position with Nationalities Papers, and an associate editor position with Eurasian Geography and Economics. In addition, he has used his research to offer political aid. Toal delivered an address to Congress explaining the growth of Bosnia-Herzegovina on a political level, back in the year 2005. Toal has authored several books throughout his career.
Near Abroad
One such book is Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. As its title suggests, Toal uses the book to explore the political dealings of Russian president Vladimir Putin with respect to the countries of Ukraine and Georgia. In the process, he also looks at Russia’s foreign relations, especially with the United States, and how these ties have influenced Russia’s use of political force to achieve certain goals. Toal also compares the ideologies of Russia and the United States in the process, drawing parallels in their dealings with other countries and what led them to make certain choices.
Toal’s ultimate thesis is that Putin, and the Russian government as a whole, are driven by the dread of loss of power. As a result, their political efforts are geared toward restoring Russia’s sense of glory through aggressive martial tactics. One Publishers Weekly contributor called Near Abroad a “thorough, academically oriented study.”
Bosnia Remade
Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal is another of Toal’s books, written jointly with the help of Carl Dahlman. In Bosnia Remade, Toal traces the violent history of the country and what various elements led to this series of events. According to Dahlman and Toal’s research, the effects of this violence—namely, the genocide of the Bosnian people—was a conscious effort enacted by the Bosnian government, as expressly conveyed by Bosnian Serb politician Radovan Karadzi. The purpose of this plan of action was to clear land occupied by the Bosnian people so as to reform the country’s borders. After covering that branch of history, Dahlman and Toal then go over the Bosnian government’s efforts to repair the damage it caused, as well as the aftereffects left behind. The authors ultimately convey that while some of those who had been forced from their residences were able to return, there is still considerable ground left to cover. To support the book’s argument, they zooms in on a trio of towns nestled within the country, examining how these horrific events have shifted the town’s dynamics. In Foreign Affairs, Robert Legvold remarked: “What gives perspective to the authors’ analysis is the long haul of history in which they situate it.”
BIOCRIT
PERIODICALS
Foreign Affairs, September-October, 2011, Robert Legvold, review of Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal.
Publishers Weekly, November 7, 2016, review of Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus, p. 52.
ONLINE
Exploring Geopolitics, http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/ (May 1, 2015), Leonhardt van Efferink, “Gerard Toal: Ireland, Bosnia, Russia-Georgia, Global Crash, Pandemic, Nuclear War,” author interview.
Toal Website, https://toal.org (August 2, 2017), author profile.
Virginia Tech Website, https://www.spia.vt.edu/ (August 2, 2017), author profile.
Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/ (August 2, 2017), author profile.*
Dr Gerard Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail) writes about US foreign policy, geopolitics, and territorial conflicts. He is a Professor in the School of Public and International Affairs at Virginia Tech’s campus in the Washington metro area.
Gerard Toal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Gerard Toal (Irish: Gearóid Ó Tuathail; born 1962 in the Republic of Ireland[1]) is Professor of Government and International Affairs and Director of the Government and International Affairs program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, National Capital Region campus.
Contents [hide]
1 Life and scientific work
2 Selected books
3 Further reading
4 References
5 External links
Life and scientific work[edit]
Toal grew up in the border region of Ireland, in the village of Smithborough, County Monaghan. He received a B.A. in history and geography from National University of Ireland, Maynooth with First Class Honours in 1982. He obtained a M.A. in geography from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1984 and a Ph.D. in political geography from Syracuse University in 1989. John O'Loughlin in Illinois and John A. Agnew in Syracuse, were his academic advisors. Following his PhD, Toal was hired in 1989 as assistant professor of geography at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, where he worked for ten years before moving to the Washington, D.C. region to establish what became the Government and International Affairs program in the School of Public and International Affairs.
Toal’s research specializations include critical geopolitics, nationalism, political geography, post-Communism, and globalization. He conducts research in Washington, D.C., Bosnia-Herzegovina and on the Caucasus region. Toal has been a key figure in establishing Critical Geopolitics as a domain of research within political geography and international relations. He is one of the contemporary geographers featured in the book Key Thinkers in Space and Place. He had authored, co-authored and/or edited seven books. His current book is Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal, co-authored with Dr Carl Dahlman (professor of geography at Miami University in Ohio). It examines how wartime ethnic cleaning and a post-war displaced person returns process transformed the character of three towns in Bosnia. Toal is an associate editor for the academic journals Geopolitics and Eurasian Geography and Economics, and serves on the editorial board of Political Geography and Nationalities Papers.
Toal has held fellowships at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, and the Center for International Studies at the University of Southern California. In 2005 he testified before the United States Congress on political developments in Bosnia-Herzegovina. He lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife and two daughters.
Gerard Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail) has been a founding figure in establishing Critical Geopolitics as a domain of research within Political Geography, and features in the book Key Thinkers on Space and Place (Sage, second edition 2010). His latest book is Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal (Oxford, 2011) which he co-authored with Dr Carl Dahlman. The work provides a in-depth analysis of the localized geopolitics of displacement and returns in three Bosnian communities from 1992 to today. He has also conducted comparative work on Bosnia and the Caucasus with Dr John O’Loughlin (also funded, like the Bosnian study, by the National Science Foundation). His current NSF grant is on the impact of Kosovo’s independence on the operation of four Eurasian De Facto States (Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Nagorny Karabakh). For the initial abstract click here. Professor Toal is an associate editor of Geopoliticsand Eurasian Geography and Economics, as well as an editorial board member of Political Geography and Nationalities Papers. He has consulted and written for the World Bank and Conciliation Resources. For further information on his activities and publications see his blog at www.toal.net.
Gerard Toal: Ireland, Bosnia, Russia-Georgia, Global Crash, Pandemic, Nuclear War
05/01/2015 by Leonhardt van Efferink
7
8
For more information about the "Exploring Geopolitics, Geoeconomics and Geostrategy" Summer School, please click here
Interview by: Leonhardt van Efferink (October 2012)
Gerard Toal
Gerard Toal
Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal
Dr Gerard Toal is Professor of Government and International Affairs at Virginia Tech, National Capital Region (US).
He studied History and Geography at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, between 1979 and 1982. He then studied political geography with Dr John O’Loughlin at the University of Illinois between 1982 and 1984, minoring in Latin American and African Studies. Thereafter he studied, under the director of Professor John Agnew, in the Department of Geography at Syracuse University, defending a PhD entitled “Critical Geopolitics: The Social Construction of Place and Space in the Practice of Statecraft” on 7 December 1988.
He writes about political geography and geopolitics at:
Blog of Gerard Toal
In this interview, Professor Toal elaborates among other things on his youth in Ireland, the state of geopolitics and possible scenarios for the future. The latter include a global crash or pandemic, a nuclear war and new cases of state failure.
The ‘Geopolitical Passport’ series offers visitors to ExploringGeopolitics a unique opportunity to find out more about the enormous variety of views within the geopolitical traditions. The floor has been given to scholars from several countries and various disciplines. The questions address issues all people with an interest in geopolitics grapple with. How should we define it? What are the most fascinating geopolitical ideas? And how will the geopolitical future look like?
Your relationship with geopolitics
At what age did you discover geopolitics and what attracted you to it?
This question has layers to it. First, I don’t think I discovered geopolitics so much as slowly realized that where I lived was not like other places in Ireland because we were so close to Northern Ireland. In driving there we were, weirdly, entering another world, another country.
A Companion to Political Geography
This question has layers to it. First, I don’t think I discovered geopolitics so much as slowly realized that where I lived was not like other places in Ireland because we were so close to Northern Ireland. In driving there we were, weirdly, entering another world, another country. Some might describe this as ‘political geography’ but where I lived, in an area where many people were strongly nationalistic, the border was perceived as a political construction. The term ‘geopolitics’ is, therefore, more appropriate. It was a geography made by politics, and that political order was under contestation (again) from the late sixties onwards.
I was quite aware of this, but never fully recruited by nationalistic sentiments. My dad’s family were supporters of Fine Gael, the right of centre political party in the Republic of Ireland, and thus strongly critical of Sinn Fein. My grandfather on my mother’s side was in the ‘old IRA’ but not in politics or part of ‘causes’ at that time. I became friendly with a boy who visited each summer from Belfast. He was in the thick of riots there, and I, by contrast to him, was a provincial innocent.
My family owned a grocery shop, which my dad had bought from a Protestant family. We inherited many of that businesses Protestant customers who came daily for then newspapers The Belfast Telegraph, The Newsletter and weekly for The Impartial Reporter. Protestants and Catholics got along fine in our village, so far as I knew, but my father and mother never talked politics in the shop.
This became difficult as ‘the Troubles’ forced divisions, and oppositional identities, upon people. After Bloody Sunday in 1972, my friend brought new ‘toys’ from Northern Ireland: spent tear gas canisters, and rubber bullets. Those things were huge, and made an impression on me. So also did the local murder of Senator Billy Fox in March 1974, the Monaghan and Dublin bombings of 17 May 1974, and the Miami Showband killings the next year. I stood for years near the ruins of Monaghan bombsite waiting for my school bus home. The local border post was blown up and replaced by a militarized British Army outpost.
One of my classmates was ‘lifted’ in Northern Ireland for suspected involvement in the ‘provos’ (IRA). I remember having to play a Gaelic football match one weekend without his brother, a star player, because the journey to the game went through Northern Ireland and he didn’t want to risk it. The conflict was then unavoidable. After the death of Bobby Sands, 5 May 1981, my father was intimidated into closing our shop to mark the event. Black flags flew from the street lamps. It was a tense polarized time, and required sensitivity in the grocery shop. Some of our Protestant customers had lost family members in IRA attacks in Northern Ireland. I was in university by then, and thoroughly sick of the politics surrounding Northern Ireland.
The second layer, beyond Ireland, was stimulated by Time magazine, which someone in our extended family received. I remember getting a bunch of these, and encouraged to read them to better myself. I didn’t care for this but I recall the ‘arc of crisis’ cover and stuff about Kissinger and then Iran. That would have been 1979. The third layer was in university where there was activism among left of centre Catholic missionary priests, influenced by liberation theology, about US foreign policy in Central America. The first time I saw the US Embassy was attending a protest about US military aid to El Salvador. This was after the assassination of Archbishop Romero (24 March 1980).
I also became slightly involved in the nuclear disarmament movement within Ireland and remember going on a relatively small march in Dublin where Bono got up and sang ‘A Hard Rain’s Gonna Fall’ which Dylan wrote in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Disgust with Northern Ireland and passion about broader planetary issues drove me towards the study of geopolitics. My Irish university did not have a Politics, Political Science or International Relations program so ‘geopolitics’ was the pathway to study these issues through advanced study within Geography.
I knew what I wanted to do when I left Maynooth on 18th September 1982 for ‘the States’: geopolitics from a ‘radical geography’ perspective. I am grateful to the US for being open and welcoming to international students, including critics.
Which geopolitical topics have your focus and why did you choose especially these?
Download “Localizing Geopolitics”
In writing a 2010 essay “Localizing Geopolitics” I found myself revisiting the subject of my BA thesis, which was on my home county of Monaghan during World War I, before there was a border. This began, for me, a lifelong interest in nationalist movements and how international events are experienced in local places. I begin with this because I’ve returned to these themes via the critical analysis of geopolitics.
Post-structuralist thinking helps reveal the politics of expert discourses, and, in the case of most forms of geopolitics, one of those political commitments is to national(ist) forms of identity. Critical geopolitics leads one to connect nationalist studies and international affairs. It also helps reveal the locals that are behind the globals, the parochial forms of globalism that one finds in many geopolitical discourses, and the smallness of the central sites of its production.
Dissatisfied with writing in a general way at the global scale, I decided to dive into the local with a research project on Bosnia conceived in 1999. I am continuing in this vein today with my current project on the Russian-Georgian August War of 2008, a project that involves a very small place shaped by and caught up in a global symbolic geopolitical struggle. It is allowing me to learn a lot about how my current hometown, Washington DC, works.
What do you consider your most important contribution to geopolitics?
I leave that for others to judge. I hope that my most important contributions are to come!
I certainly have plans for various publications to pull the various things I’ve been working on together. Let’s see if I can in the next few years.
Your geopolitical preferences
What is your favourite definition of geopolitics?
Book cover
Rich Schein, now a Professor of Geography at the University of Kentucky, used to rib me when we were in graduate school at Syracuse University by asking: “have you come up with that definition of geopolitics yet?” I remember struggling to understand how one could and should define geopolitics. After a while I realized that it was a trick question, the “what is..?” that demands an essentialism.
Thereafter, I’ve seen geopolitics as a problematique of writing on geography and politics, with fascinating historical dimensions and multiple contemporary aspects. For some time I’ve broken it down for my students into 4 separable (but not separated) traditions of thinking, each of which is still with us:
Discourse on the influence of ‘nature’ on politics. This discourse has generated ‘natural binaries’ – landpower vrs seapower, East vrs West, etc – that are put to work in many different contexts. Historically this discourse has tended to have a prevailing conceit of the revelation of timeless truths.
Social Darwinism on the map. A second vector is discourse is about population and the environment, an emergent theme from mid-eighteenth century onwards that reached ‘scientific’ expression with the development of ‘social Darwinism’ (not Darwinian at all, of course, but neo-Lamarckism). Nazism was the most infamous expression of this, of course, but it was widespread in the thinking of major powers from the late nineteenth century onwards.
Realpolitik on the map. The dominant understanding in Political Science and International Relations, this found full expression during the Cold War in the writing and practical geopolitics of Henry Kissinger. It too has social Darwinist prejudices.
Critical Geopolitics. I would use this term to describe any work that challenged the prevailing geopolitical assumptions and practices of the major powers.
But, as I write this, I find it unsatisfactory in certain ways. I think I’ll have to work on this some more, and find a great zinger for Rich Schein.
Which geopolitical scientist do you admire the most?
Ah so it’s a science! Well, looking at the folks in white coats I’d have to pick out Dr Jekyll over there next to the smouldering beaker.
Obviously, my academic advisers have been a major influence in my thinking and career. I deeply admire Dr John O’Loughlin and Dr John Agnew, two very different academics but equally generous advisers and splendid human beings. Tim Luke is equally great in my estimation.
Beyond them, I greatly admire the work of Simon Dalby, David Campbell, Gerry Kearns, John Pickles, Derek Gregory and, of course, Neil Smith, who is much on my mind these days because of his tragic death. Richard Ashley and David Sylvan in Political Science were very influential on my thinking while in graduate school.
There are other somewhat younger political geographers whom I admire also and learn from: Matt Sparke, Stuart Elden, Mat Colemen, Anna Secor, and others. Naming just these folks, however, is unfair to the many others who do great work that I also admire: Klaus Dodds, James Sidaway, Marcus Power, Jo Sharp, Paul Routledge, etc.
I have generally found Geography to be a supportive disciplinary environment and culture. So, in that sense, I admire the culture that we’ve created around critical endeavour in the field.
What is your favourite geopolitical book?
I don’t really have a favourite book that endures. Let me answer a different question: what books would you recommend to young scholars seeking to grasp Critical Geopolitics 1.0?
Here I’d want to take younger scholars through the significant publications of the early nineties beyond influential books like Said’s “Orientalism” and Todorov’s “The Conquest of America”. Here I’d cite:
Simon Dalby’s “Creating the Second Cold War” (1990),
David Campbell’s “Writing Security” (1992),
Rob Walker’s “Inside/Outside” (1992),
Agnew and Corbridge’s “Mastering Space” (1995).
What is your favourite geopolitical website?
WhiteHouse.gov
The geopolitical future
In what direction(s) will geopolitical science be heading the coming decades?
In the direction of the Enlightenment, I hope.
Which geopolitical subject has been too little in the spotlight and needs further research?
If we understand ‘the spotlight’ here to refer to issues on the political agenda of major powers, then clearly it is climate change. There has been next to no discussion of the topic in the US Presidential election, for example. The reasons are obvious but the failure is obvious too as we live through dramatic changes in the planetary weather system, and global ecological environment.
Nuclear proliferation issues do get attention but there is evidence that these deserve a great deal more attention as we could be on the verge of a ‘breakout’ of the current nuclear order. The vulnerability of the current interconnected global financial system to a major crash is also something that needs a lot more attention than it is getting. The capitalist system has a lot of dark corners, and hidden regions.
What will be the largest geopolitical challenge for the world in the 21st century?
There are many. The first is the danger of a systematic crash brought on by global fiscal imbalances. Current patterns are unsustainable. China cannot continue as the growth engine of the world economy, the US with deficit financed over-consumption, and the European Union with imbalanced national economies joined by the Euro. Something has to give, and the crash could be nasty.
The second is containing the possibility of a major inter-state war involving nuclear weapons. The recent riots against Japanese sites and symbols in China were ugly. This is probably inevitable before the end of the century – the empirical record of the twentieth century and before is not encouraging – and its literal fallout will be frightening. Reading John Dower’s superb “Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq” makes one very pessimistic about the human condition.
The third is a global pandemic of some sort. The state of the world’s health infrastructure is a cause for concern. Work in creating robust and resilient systems has occurred but there has insufficient investment in improving world health conditions and capacities in my opinion. This failure is providing deadly for millions at the bottom and could prove very costly for many more mid-century.
The fourth is dealing with civil wars and state failures. The situation in Syria is an indictment of the current international order, especially the current feeble United Nations permitted by the major powers, with no capacity for global protection forces to safeguard civilians. These issues are deeply complex but they are not beyond our capacity to address them.
In these conditions, Gramsci’s mantra is still appropriate: “Pessimism of the intellect. Optimism of the will.”
Bio
Gerard Toal is a Professor of Government and International Affairs at Virginia Tech’s campus in Alexandria. A native of Ireland, Dr. Toal writes about US foreign policy, geopolitics and conflict regions. His latest book is Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal (Oxford, 2011), which he co-authored with Dr. Carl Dahlman. The work provides an in-depth analysis of the localized geopolitics of displacement and returns in three Bosnian communities from 1992. In research funded by the US National Science Foundation, he is currently examining the internal dynamics and human security situation of four Eurasian de facto states: Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Nagorny Karabakh. His most recent publication, for the British peacebuilding NGO Conciliation Resources, examines whether the return process in Bosnia has lessons for the stalemate over return in Nagorny Karabakh. Dr. Toal is an Associate Editor of Geopolitics and Eurasian Geography and Economics, as well as an editorial board member of Political Geography and Nationalities Papers. He has a PhD in Political Geography from Syracuse University.
For more on Dr. Toal, please visit his blog at toal.org.
Major Publications
G. Toal, C. Dahlman, Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine
and the Caucasus
Publishers Weekly.
263.45 (Nov. 7, 2016): p52.
COPYRIGHT 2016 PWxyz, LLC
http://www.publishersweekly.com/
Full Text:
Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus
Gerard Toal. Oxford Univ., $29.95 (352p) ISBN 978-0-19-025330-1
Toal, director of the government and international affairs program at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, National Capital Region
campus, analyzes Vladimir Putin's military actions in Georgia and Ukraine to demonstrate how "structurally similar affective storylines in U.S.
and Russian geopolitical culture produced mutual incomprehension." He begins by delving into Putin's worldview. In Putin's own words, with the
collapse of the Soviet Union "tens of millions of our co-citizens and compatriots found themselves.outside Russian territory." Toal believes that
Putin is not trying to recreate the U.S.S.R., but to bring these self-identified Russians back into the fold and "to make Russia great again." Thus,
Putin sees NATO and E.U. expansion as a threat to those Russians living "near abroad." American actions during George W. Bush's
administration and onward that support "democratic" regimes in Georgia and other border countries have only increased Russian fear of a
takeover of these regions by Western nations. American support of an independent Kosovo and American rejection of Ossetian independence are
evidence that a chillingly similar rhetoric is employed by both Russia and the West to justify their aims. Toal's thorough, academically oriented
study provides a window into the beliefs of many Russians and is a corrective to the point of view prevalent in Western news. (Jan.)
Source Citation (MLA 8th
Edition)
"Near Abroad: Putin, the West, and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus." Publishers Weekly, 7 Nov. 2016, p. 52+. General OneFile,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=ITOF&sw=w&u=schlager&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA469757528&it=r&asid=a3843695a4a3bc0f5cbcb209b4b4ce05. Accessed 9 July
2017.
7/9/2017 General OneFile - Saved Articles
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/marklist.do?actionCmd=GET_MARK_LIST&userGroupName=schlager&inPS=true&prodId=ITOF&ts=1499647245072 2/4
Gale Document Number: GALE|A469757528
7/9/2017 General OneFile - Saved Articles
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/marklist.do?actionCmd=GET_MARK_LIST&userGroupName=schlager&inPS=true&prodId=ITOF&ts=1499647245072 3/4
Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal
Robert Legvold
Foreign Affairs.
90.5 (September-October 2011):
COPYRIGHT 2011 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.
http://www.foreignaffairs.org
Full Text:
Book Information: Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. By Gerard Toal and Carl T. Dahlman. Oxford University Press, 2011, 488
pp. $39.95.
In the miasma of violence that followed the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the Bosnian war (1992-95) offered the most sharply outlined instance of
its excesses, because it was, in its purpose and effect, ethnic cleansing. Radovan Karadzic, then the leader of the Bosnian Serbs and the president
of the Republika Srpska, made that clear in 1992, when he articulated six "strategic goals" in the unfolding Bosnian tragedy. Although the forces
under the Bosnian Serb military leader Ratko Mladic and their auxiliary elements were not the only guilty parties (the Croatian military and the
Bosnian government forces share in the blame), they were more responsible than any other group for driving two million Bosnians from their
homes, an effort that was intended to shatter Bosnia's basic form and redraw it along ethnoterritorial lines. They largely succeeded. As the authors
of Bosnia Remade demonstrate in their painstaking assessment of the 1995 Dayton accord, which was designed to reverse this success, although
sizable numbers of the displaced have recovered their homes or been compensated, the more fundamental imprint of the war persists in the
attitudes prevalent in the country's now-partitioned parts. What gives perspective to the authors' analysis is the long haul of history in which they
situate it.
Authors: Robert Legvold
Author Bio:
Legvold, Robert
Source Citation (MLA 8th
Edition)
Legvold, Robert. "Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal." Foreign Affairs, Sept.-Oct. 2011. General OneFile,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=ITOF&sw=w&u=schlager&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA266943369&it=r&asid=4ea630bdea2d51299cc11648b20dc725. Accessed 9 July
2017.
Gale Document Number: GALE|A266943369