CANR

• The Ocean's Menagerie: How Earth's Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life - 2025 Viking, New York, NY
• Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease - 2019 University of California Press , Oakland, CA
• A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk (Volume 13) (Organisms and Environments) (Drew Harvell (Author), Harry W. Greene (Foreword)) - 2016 University of California Press , Oakland, CA
• The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses (edited by Ralph Tollrian and C. Drew Harvell) - 1999 Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

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  Drew Harvell

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  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Drew Harvell
  Alma mater University of Washington, University of Alberta
  Scientific career
  Thesis Partial predation, inducible defenses, and the population biology of a marine bryozoan (Membranipora membranacea) (1985)
  Catherine Drew Harvell is a marine ecologist who researches ocean biodiversity and ocean health, specializing in diseases in marine ecosystems.

  Early life and education
  Harvell was born in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[1] Harvell completed her bachelor's degree in zoology with honors from the University of Alberta in 1978. She remained at University of Alberta to complete a master's degree in zoology, supervised by Fu-Shiang Chia. She completed her thesis and graduated in 1981.[1] She attended the University of Washington to complete a Ph.D. in zoology and graduated in 1985.[2]

  Research career
  In 1986, Harvell joined the faculty in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University.[3] Her research group focuses on a range of topics, including marine invertebrate biology and diversity to climate change and its impacts on disease ecology.[4][5]

  In 1998 Harvell co-edited a book with Ralph Tollrian on The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses.[6] In 2016, Harvell published her first book for the popular media, A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk.[7] The book explores Harvell's work as curator of the Cornell University Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models, which includes 570 detailed and highly accurate sculptures of marine creatures.[3] Her second book in the popular press was published in 2019, titled Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease.[8] This book explores how corals, abalone, salmon, and starfish are being impacted by outbreaks of infectious diseases and suggestions actions that can be taken.

  Awards and honors
  Harvell's recognitions for her writing and professional accomplishments include:

  2015 - Elected to the Ecological Society of America (ESA) Fellows Program[9]

  2016 - National Outdoor Book Award Winner, in the category of Natural History Literature for A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas’ Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk.[10]

  2016 - The Best “Art Meets Science” Books of 2016, one of eight books named by Smithsonian Magazine, for A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas’ Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk.[11]

  2017 - Honorable Mention, Rachel Carson Environment Book Award, Society of Environmental Journalists, for A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas’ Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk.[12]

  2020 - Ecological Society of America (ESA) Sustainability Science Award, which recognizes the authors of the scholarly work that makes the greatest contribution to the emerging science of ecosystem and regional sustainability through the integration of ecological and social sciences.[13]

  2020 - PROSE Award for Biological Sciences, for Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease.[14]

  2020 - Selected to give the Rachel Carson Lecture for the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2020 on "Oceanic Pandemics from Foundation to Keystone Species."[15]

  Personal life
  Harvell is married with a daughter and a son who is a writer.[8]

• Ecological Society of America website - https://esa.org/people/meet-drew-harvell/

  Meet Drew Harvell

  Dr. Drew Harvell is the 2020 recipient of the ESA Sustainability Science Award. She is the author of the new book, Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease. Her book tackles a critical issue in sustainability science and human well-being: How to live in a world with increasing infectious disease. Specifically, she focuses on ocean health and how we can sustain ocean health in the face of increases in infectious disease fueled by pollution and climate change.

  Dr. Harvell explained how she builds the scenario of advancing threats of marine disease through case histories representing four themes of ocean disease damage: climate change fuels new outbreaks, ocean pollution and aquaculture increase risk of disease, ecological balance at the top and bottom of food chains is disrupted, and ecosystem services (among other solutions) can improve ocean and human health. She describes how, “1) increasing outbreaks of corals are directly driven by warming events and thus climate change, 2) a new and unexpected outbreak affecting an entire guild of starfish shows the power of infectious disease to imperil ecologically important biota and trigger trophic cascades, 3) a long simmering outbreak in abalone shows the challenge of identifying infectious agents in the ocean and 4) consequences of multiple species driven to endangerment by disease, globally spreading virus outbreaks in farmed salmon reveal the threats to our food systems and potential for pathogen pollution.”

  Dr. Harvell also added, while this sounds grim, that there are positive paths in the future and she discusses the unexpected powers of ecosystem services as contributing to ocean health. Additionally, she discusses how other discoveries from oceans can contribute to better wildlife and human health.

  When asked what her favorite part about being an ESA member is, Dr. Harvell said, “The community of ecologists and the focus on new discoveries by young scientists. I love the ESA Early Career Fellows program.” Dr. Harvell has been a part of the Aquatic Ecology Section, Disease Ecology Section, and is on the subcommittee for Fellows and Early Career Fellows. She was also a recipient of the Buell Award.

• Drew Harvell website - https://drewharvell.com

  Drew Harvell is Professor Emerita of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University and Affiliate Faculty in the School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, University of Washington. Her research on the health and sustainability of marine ecosystems has taken her from the reefs of Mexico, Indonesia, Palau and Hawaii to the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest and resulted in over 190 academic articles in journals such as Science, Nature, and Ecology. She is a long-time research diver, including 4 saturation diving missions. Her current research, based at Friday Harbor Laboratories, is focused on health of foundation and keystone species in the Salish Sea. She is a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America and the American Association for Advancement of Science, and awarded the 2020 ESA Sustainable Science Award, 2020 Cornell SUNY Chancellors Award, 2019 Seattle Aquarium Conservation Research Award, PROSE AWARD (Ocean Outbreak), National Outdoor Book Award (A Sea of Glass), Rachel Carson Environment Book Award, Honorable Mention (A Sea of Glass). She releases a new book, Ocean Menagerie: How Earth’s Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life in 2025. She chairs the Advancement Board of Friday Harbor Marine Labs and is a science adviser for Fabian Cousteau’s Proteus Ocean Group, working to build the International Space Station of the Ocean.

• Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University website - https://ecologyandevolution.cornell.edu/catherine-drew-harvell

  Catherine Drew Harvell
  Professor Emerita
  Image of Catherine Drew Harvell
  620 University Rd
  cdh5@cornell.edu
  607/254-4274
  Education
  Ph.D. University of Washington (1985)

  M.S., University of Alberta (1981)

  B.S., University of Alberta (1978)

  Departments and programs
  Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  Affiliated Colleges
  College of Arts and Sciences
  Links
  Harvell Lab website
  Keywords
  Climate change impacts, marine invertebrate biodiversity, disease ecology, marine conservation biology, impacts of ocean change

  Overview
  I am a Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University. I received my PhD from University of Washington in 1985. My research on host-pathogen interactions and the sustainability of marine ecosystems has taken me from the reefs of Mexico, Indonesia, and Hawaii to the Pacific Northwest. The current focus of my laboratory group is on sustainable marine biodiversity and the ecology of host-pathogen interactions in a changing ocean. A sub-theme of this work includes evaluating the impacts of a warming climate on marine ecosystems. My analyses and papers have led to the now widespread acceptance that diseases are restructuring marine ecosystems, from very climate-sensitive coral reef ecosystems to rocky temperate shores. Projects in my lab involve multi-disciplinary, cross-scale approaches, including field studies, remote sensing, genetic and transcriptomics, chemical analyses, and mathematical modeling. I lead an NSF Research Coordination Network on Ecology of Infectious Marine Disease. I am a Fellow of the Ecological Society of America and the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, a winner of the Society of American Naturalists Jasper Loftus-Hills Award, and a lead author of the oceans chapter in the U.S. Climate Change Assessment. My writing appears in The New York Times, The Hill and in over 140 academic articles in journals such as Science, Nature, and Ecology. I recently published my first book, A Sea of Glass. At Cornell, my focus is to teach undergraduate courses in Marine Ecology and Invertebrate Biology. My primary courses are Marine Ecosystem Sustainability and Invertebrate Biology (taught on campus and at Friday Harbor Labs), and I co-teach Conservation Oceanography in Hawaii. For graduate teaching, I teach an every other fall Invertebrate Biology seminar and participate regularly in a graduate journal club, Ecology of infectious Disease. I do regular guest lectures in Oceanography, Conservation Medicine (vet college), and Ecology and Environment.

  Research Focus
  My research is motivated by several general interests: (1) the evolution of chemical and structural resistance, (2) Invertebrate microbial interactions, particularly focussing on microbial pathogens, 3) Impacts of Climate change on marine communities.

  Our current research is focused on the form, function, and evolution of defenses of marine invertebrates against their predators and competitors. Using a primarily experimental approach, I and my students are working on projects in temperate and tropical oceans. Our current work is focused on chemical and structural mechanisms of disease resistance in Caribbean gorgonian corals. These soft corals are heavily endowed with biologically active compounds that are anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and deterrent to fish and some invertebrate predators. My particular focus now is on mechanisms of disease resistance to a fungal pathogen of sea fans. The fungal pathogen Aspergillus sydowii is currently affecting sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum) throughout the Caribbean. The disease causes variable-sized lesions and even colony death at some sites. In the Bahamas and Florida Keys, many monitored lesions enter long-term stasis (> 12 months) suggesting the possibility of effective resistance against the fungus within colonies. At some sites in the Florida Keys and San Salvador Bahamas colonies are undergoing substantial mortality from the disease. The chemical extracts of the two species of sea fan are fungi-static, leading us into an investigation of the chemical mechanisms of disease resistance (collaboration with Advion Biosciences).

• NPR - https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1247707522

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  < Regeneration, super strength, stolen powers: Meet sea creatures inspiring research
  April 28, 20253:00 AM ET
  12-Minute Listen
  Transcript
  [AUDIO LOGO]

  REGINA BARBER: You're listening to Short Wave from NPR. When it comes to the ocean, some species get more attention than others.

  DREW HARVELL: There's a lot of interest and excitement, including for me, of whales.

  BARBER: Sharks and dolphins also tend to get a lot of love. But marine biologist, Drew Harvell, fell in love with a different group in the ocean.

  HARVELL: Really, it's the invertebrates that make the gears turn round in terms of function and how the ocean works.

  BARBER: These unsung icons of the sea have no backbones. And there's a lot of them.

  HARVELL: There are over 34 phyla of marine invertebrates, from sponges to corals to octopus to sea stars.

  BARBER: And as such a big group, they're pretty versatile.

  HARVELL: Invertebrates live everywhere, from the bottom to the top, from shallow water to deep water, from attached to the bottom, and in the plankton. So they're everywhere in the ocean.

  BARBER: Drew was so fascinated with spineless creatures that she wrote a whole book about these ancient critters, and how their long evolutionary histories have led to some interesting biology.

  HARVELL: I think of them as kind of biological impossibilities, sort of like Superman flying or having invulnerable skin, right? For an animal to photosynthesize, that's legitimately a superpower.

  BARBER: And it's not the only one. Across these marine invertebrates, there's a whole bunch of superpowers, everything from regeneration to super-strength, and even stealing other animals' abilities. Drew says understanding these animal superpowers not only helps researchers understand the rules of life, the lessons scientists from them can transform our medicines.

  HARVELL: Every one of the ones that I talk about in my book also has an important application for humans.

  BARBER: So today on the show, the strange world of spineless creatures, what their ancient superpowers are, and how they continue to inspire human innovation today. I'm Regina Barber. You're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

  [MUSIC PLAYING]

  BARBER: OK, Drew, we're talking about the superpowers of marine invertebrates from your book, The Ocean's Menagerie. We're going to talk about a few, starting with sponges, which I have trouble imagining. What should I imagine?

  HARVELL: They're amazingly beautiful. They come in all colors and sizes and shapes, from vases to runners to huge barrel sponges. And they're brown and yellow and green and red and purple.

  BARBER: That's amazing.

  HARVELL: And so, I mean, I just get lost when I'm diving, just watching them because they're so beautiful. And functionally, they seem to be very, very simple. But then when you look deeper, they have amazing functions. And sponges have been of great interest to natural products chemists because it was found that the highest hit rate for anticancer drugs was from tropical sponges.

  BARBER: Oh, wow.

  HARVELL: We thought the sponges themselves made the chemicals. But we've learned that often, it's the bacteria, particular species of bacteria, that are housed within the sponge that actually do the chemical synthesis of these compounds.

  BARBER: Can you give me an example?

  HARVELL: I love this one because a sponge that's bright green, it's in the intertidal, everywhere, Halichondria panicea, very common, it houses a strain of streptomyces bacteria that produces a chemical. And that is now being used in clinical trials for a whole range of different cancers-- melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and renal cancer.

  BARBER: It's being used now?

  HARVELL: It's being used now. They don't actually pull it out of sponges now. They've actually learned how to create a synthetic derivative.

  BARBER: Oh.

  HARVELL: I could go on and on. And I kind of do in the book. I talk about quite a few examples of drugs that have actually been discovered and produced from sponges.

  BARBER: Let's talk about sea slugs next. Introduce us to these critters. What should we know about sea slugs?

  HARVELL: Oh, my God. Sea slugs are just-- they're the most enchanting of the invertebrates in many ways, just because they're a ridiculous circus of colors and shapes, you know, black backgrounds with lime green stripes and polka dots or yellow or pink. They have these beautiful projections that look like flowers all over their backs. I mean, I think everybody who's seen a nudibranch falls in love with it just because they're so beautiful.

  BARBER: A nudibranch being another name for sea slugs?

  HARVELL: Right.

  BARBER: And I've learned sea slugs are a relative of snails. But instead of having a shell, they have these like chemical defenses in which they can eat other animals and steal their powers. Can you tell me more about one of those?

  HARVELL: We have a nudibranch that lives in the Pacific Northwest that eats sea anemones. And when it eats a sea anemone, it uptakes the stinging cells that sea anemones use in their own defense. They select the immature stinging cells so they don't explode when they're eating them. They pass them all the way through their digestive system and into these little packages on their back. The stinging cell completes its development and is then used as a harpoon by the nudibranch.

  BARBER: Wow.

  HARVELL: And the diversity of this particular group of nudibranchs that does this is very high. They've been very successful, particularly in our shallow waters in temperate and tropical ecosystems. So the beauty of the bright colors is a warning to fish and other predators that, don't eat me. I'm dangerous. I've got explosives, and I'll use them.

  BARBER: It's almost as if I were to like, eat a venomous snake, then somehow I could have venom or something like that. So, like, what can humans learn from that?

  HARVELL: Yeah, I think the lessons we can from the ability of nudibranchs to uptake these foreign organs from other groups is in transplantation surgery. It's very hard for us to transplant kidneys, for example, even among different humans, let alone what we try to do from pigs to humans. And the way we do that now is we try to suppress our immune systems. That's not what nudibranchs are doing. They're playing around with the recognition process. And so it strikes me that there's a real opportunity there to really think a little bit outside the box about other ways to go in and optimize our transplantation surgery.

  BARBER: All right. Last but not least, my favorite, maybe yours, are sea stars.

  HARVELL: You know, Gina, I think we share that.

  BARBER: OK.

  HARVELL: They are certainly one of my favorites, because, I mean, first, they're like martians. They have--

  BARBER: Yeah.

  HARVELL: They have multiple arms. They have thousands of tube feet for running around. They have eyes on each end of each one of their arms.

  BARBER: Yeah, all their arms are heads. I remember doing a story about that.

  HARVELL: Right? Yes.

  BARBER: Yeah.

  HARVELL: And so just as an animal, they're very, very strange. And yet the thing that just, as a marine ecologist, blows my mind is they are incredibly important ecologically. We think of sea stars as ecosystem engineers because of their power. They're predators, so they eat prey. And they eat a lot of their prey, whether it's mussels or clams or sea urchins. Recently, we've been studying one that lives in deeper waters that used to eat all the urchins and control them. But it was decimated by a huge outbreak of disease. I kind of call it the COVID of sea stars because it affected--

  BARBER: It's the wasting disease, right?

  HARVELL: It's the sea star wasting disease. And it affected over 20 species, in addition to the sunflower star, which is the biggest and fastest in the world. I mean, this thing is three feet across. It's huge.

  BARBER: What?

  HARVELL: And it eats a lot of urchins. When you remove all those sunflower stars, the urchins explode. And they've decimated our kelp meadows. And so along the entire West Coast, from San Diego up to Washington, we've had declining kelp beds, partly due to the removal of just this one species of sea star.

  BARBER: Wow.

  HARVELL: And weirdly, for such a big, powerful critter, it was the most susceptible to this disease. And so it's now on the Endangered Species list. And we've been working for a decade on a recovery program for it.

  BARBER: I really like this. You're talking about how these sea stars, they're eating these urchins. They also eat a lot of clams. So how are sea stars doing this?

  HARVELL: The trick, the superpower, is that it takes them a long time. And they can hang on without spending much energy. And they hang on because they have hundreds of tube feet, which are like little suction cups that grip incredibly strong. And then the other part of the superpower is their smart skin. They can basically cross-link the microtubules in their skin to make it stiff, under nervous control, and then hold that without it costing them anything. And so that's how they win by, hour after hour, just hanging on and pulling till the clam is opened.

  BARBER: So what could humans do with this superpower of, like, neural control?

  HARVELL: Well, there's been a lot of interesting research trying to use the ideas in smart skin of sea stars and sea cucumbers in tendon replacement therapies because of the ability to change under neural control. So all of these organisms, and they tend to be invertebrates that have these so-called smart tissues, are a lot of interest in transplantation therapy.

  BARBER: In the epilogue of your book, you write, "The most precious resource on our planet is not oil or metal. It's the deep secrets that string our web of life together." What would you like to see in the future in how humans care for the ocean, like, in honor of this statement?

  HARVELL: I think that the first step is to try to help people understand just the incredible wonder of these resources and their extreme value. And then from there, to take the next step of protecting them.

  [MUSIC PLAYING]

  HARVELL: These spineless invertebrates have been on our planet for over 600 million years. They're phenomenal adaptations to change, to a changing climate. There are secrets and mysteries that they have solved that are going to be of a lot of use to us.

  [MUSIC PLAYING]

  BARBER: Thank you so much for talking with me today, Drew. I had a wonderful time.

  HARVELL: Thank you. This has been a really fun session, Regina. I loved it, too.

  BARBER: Drew Harvell's book, The Ocean's Menagerie, is out now, where you can read about other invertebrates like jellyfish, octopi, giant clams, sea fans, and corals. And if you like nudibranchs, check out our past episode all about these fascinating creatures. We'll link it in our show notes. This episode was produced by Berly McCoy. It was edited by our showrunner, Rebecca Ramirez, and fact checked by Tyler Jones. The audio engineer was Jimmy Keeley. Beth Donovan is our senior director, and Collin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

  [MUSIC PLAYING]

• Encyclopedia of Puget Sound - https://www.eopugetsound.org/articles/conversation-ocean-outbreak-author-drew-harvell

  A conversation with "Ocean Outbreak" author Drew Harvell
  By Jeff Rice
  Published March 17, 2020
  When Cornell University ecologist Drew Harvell wrote her book "Ocean Outbreak," she couldn't have known that 2020 would be the year of COVID-19. But even as people around the world grapple with the effects of that disease, scientists are keeping watch on potential disasters from viruses and other pathogens for species in the world's oceans. As the oceans warm due to climate change, scientists expect incidences of disease to increase in marine ecosystems including the Salish Sea. We asked Harvell about her new book and the need to address this rising challenge.

  Ocean Outbreak" cover courtesy of University of California Press.
  Ocean Outbreak" cover courtesy of University of California Press.
  EoPS: Right now, the topics of disease and the coronavirus are on everyone’s mind. Can disease have the same effect on the ecosystem as it does on human populations?

  Drew Harvell: You know, it’s very similar. I call myself a disease ecologist, and that’s essentially the quantitative study of how diseases act and how they outbreak, what the resistance factors are and how they are transmitted. We really study the same parameters whether it is a human coronavirus that’s newly emerging or whether it’s a new virus in a sea star. We’re interested in how rapidly a disease spreads, how resistant are the hosts, what are the environmental factors that govern the spread rates of these diseases.

  EoPS: Is disease ecology a new field in science?

  DH: I would say it’s not new to be studying the environmental causes and consequences of disease, but we do have new tools. We are able to study it with a little bit more control and quantitative perspective than perhaps we could have 20 years ago.

  EoPS: Are there new environmental factors that are increasing the outbreaks of disease in the ecosystem? Your book talks a lot about the impact of climate change, for example.

  DH: Yes. I think here in our waters in Puget Sound and into the Salish Sea, we’re caught a bit in a vice grip. One arm is rapid climate change -- our waters are warming and they’re becoming more acidified. At the same time, we’re piling on human population. Those two factors act synergistically, and both put a lot of stress on our marine ecosystem. Both factors contribute to an increasing risk of disease as well as other problems with sustainable ecosystems.

  EoPS: I think you said in your book something to the effect of ‘warmer seas are sicker seas.’

  DH: That is actually a quote from a paper that we published in 2002 in Science where we said a warmer world is a sicker world. We talked about this across the board, whether it is in the ocean, or agricultural systems or whether it is with human disease. Of course, not all diseases are temperature sensitive, but in general warmer conditions can create more stress for a host. They also create higher replication rates for lots of infectious microorganisms. In the case of humans, that can also increase some of the vectors like mosquitos which have a wider range under warmer conditions.

  EoPS: With climate change and disease high on the radar, what are people trying to do in response?

  DH: Well, we’d really like to see political change and see a slowing of our carbon dioxide emissions. It’s certainly very worrisome to me that we are not really slowing it down enough. In the absence of that, surveillance is vital. Fortunately, we have NOAA, which does phenomenal satellite remote sensing. They provide us with minute by minute temperature forecasts that we can use to forecast and ground truth [ocean conditions]. I think we need to work much harder to improve our diagnostics for marine disease so we’re in a better place where we really can pick up these rapidly expanding diseases.

  I think everybody is very impressed — shocked and amazed — at the pace and the unexpectedness of the coronavirus outbreak. But you have to realize that things like that happen in the ocean too.

  ________________

  "Ocean Outbreak" is published by University of California Press. Drew Harvell is a Professor of Marine Ecology at Cornell University and an affiliate faculty member at the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences where she conducts research at Friday Harbor Laboratories.

Tollrian, Ralph, and C. Drew Harvell, editors. 1999. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. xi + 383 p. $79.50, £48.50 (cloth), ISBN: 0-691-01221-0 (alk. paper); $29.95, £17.95 (paper), ISBN: 0-691-00494-3 (alk. paper).

Inducible defenses contains spectacular examples of phenotypic plasticity: the ability of individuals to respond to environmental cues with dynamic changes in phenotype. As this book makes clear, induced defenses are everywhere one looks, among algae, higher plants, microbes, solitary and colonial aquatic and marine invertebrates, herptiles, fish, and mammals (at least). Indeed, it would appear that the number of examples is limited more by discovery than by natural selection. And their study has broad appeal; these are truly intriguing natural history phenomena, with major ecological and evolutionary implications.

Tollrian and Harvell have assembled 17 papers by 32 international experts on inducible systems spanning a wide range of taxa. Their charge was to emphasize and explore the factors favoring evolution of inducible defenses across this taxonomic range. In my view, this stellar lineup of experts met this goal only partially, through no fault of their own. Many of these systems are too poorly understood, and most of us have mindsets that are too narrow, to allow us to grasp fully their significance in ecology and evolution.

The volume is organized by taxonomic groups, beginning with higher plant and algal responses to herbivores. Much of the latter information is brand new, only coming to light in the past few years. Each section includes both theoretical and empirical approaches. Simon Frost then describes the vertebrate immune system as an inducible defense system in lucid and imaginative fashion. This chapter was enlightening to me, pointing out evident tradeoffs between rapidity and specificity of responses, the metabolic cost of fever, and the obvious evolutionary advantages of such an elaborate response system. Next come several reviews of the spectacular morphological changes induced in aquatic and marine invertebrates by the presence of their enemies in the water. These inducible defenses are among the best studied, and several authors do a nice job of integrating the roles of behavioral and morphological plasticity. Chapters on vertebrate plasticity, including very new reports of predator-induced morphological changes in fishes, follow. The book concludes with a series of theoretical/modeling chapters, and a wrap-up summary and conclusions by the editors. The last is outstanding; how I wish all editors took the time to read, digest, and integrate their authors' chapters as Harvell and Tollrian have done!

So what generalizations emerge from this taxonomically diverse treatment? The centrality of biochemistry, in signaling between attacker and attacked, the organization of responses, and as a central component of many responses comes through loud and clean Indeed, a weakness of the collection, in my view, is the absence of an explicit treatment of the chemistry one would expect to see in these systems, much as was done years ago for insect pheromone structures. The specificity of many responses - the ability to change form or chemistry differentially on the basis of different cues from various attackers - seems to be gaining support and examples. It is time to recognize that the induced defense of plants or animals can be tuned to the situation and attacker. This observation leads several authors in this volume to the conclusion that responses need to be understood and evaluated in the context of multiple stimuli and multiple constraints. I found this willingness to go beyond the greenhouse or bottle and account for complexity a refreshing point of view. Unfortunately, with few exceptions this volume reflects a serious lack of understanding of the population-level consequences of induced defense, for either attacked or attacker, despite convincing arguments by several authors that this is needed.

Perhaps the most significant contribution here - a breakthrough, really - is that so many of these authors finally acknowledge that we may not find mass- or energy-based allocation costs as the basis for evolution of defense. This volume is part of a literature that makes the assumption that inducible defenses have cost-cutting as their major advantage (because they are not "on" all the time). But several of the chapters here, most clearly one by Berenbaum and Zangerl, identify a list of evolutionarily powerful alternatives: genetic, pleiotropic, and developmental tradeoffs, ecological compromises, constraints on metabolic and signaling cascades, and opportunity costs. After reading that chapter (which is first), it was amusing to see each subsequent author struggle with this problem. Some resolved it with limited data for energetic allocation, but most speculated that we need new ways to view costs. I had to agree with Berenbaum and Zangerl that the most profitable direction for resolving this issue is "down" to biochemistry, physiology, and the genome, where the constraints begin and tradeoffs first arise. I was surprised to find no detailed studies of the underlying mechanisms in dynamic plastic responses in this book - even for systems that have been studied for decades - except for the vertebrate immune system. A chapter on plant responses to microbes (a serious oversight) would have helped balance the approaches here a great deal, and would greatly aid the modeling efforts, which unfortunately are constrained to work with inadequate information and misplaced assumptions.

But much of this book is great fun, just for the wild things these plants and animals do: carp that change shape when a pike is around, plants that call in carnivores to pluck their parasites, cladocera that produce helmets and spines, protozoa that grow "wings" their predators can't swallow. Wow! And think about this: if we account for alternative, dynamically changing forms, how many functional units are there in an ecological community, and how complex are trophic webs? Some of the "species" described in this book come in a half-dozen alternative forms, each of which interacts in a different way with the various species with which it coexists. Inducible defenses ought to make many of us think about ecological interactions in a new way, and given the evident advantages of plasticity, wonder how uninducible defenses persist.

JACK C. SCHULTZ

Pennsylvania State University

Department of Entomology

State College, Pennsylvania 16802

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 1999 Ecological Society of America
http://www.esa.org/
Source Citation
Source Citation
MLA 9th Edition APA 7th Edition Chicago 17th Edition Harvard
Schultz, Jack C. "The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses." Ecology, vol. 80, no. 7, Oct. 1999, p. 2456. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57398276/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=7cb7de8c. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Drew Harvell

A SEA OF GLASS

Searching for the Blaschkas' fragile legacy in an ocean at risk

202pp. University of California Press. 19.95 [pounds sterling].

978 0 520 28568 2

They can still be found in the natural history museums of the world, even though, until now, they have hardly been on public display: the marine invertebrates recreated in glass by Leopold Blaschka and his son Rudolph more than 150 years ago. These uncanny replicas helped people to visualize fragile and fascinating animals too difficult to keep and observe at a time when the aquarium was still in its infancy. The Blaschkas, of Bohemian origin, worked in Dresden, but their expertise gained international acclaim and they were commissioned by various institutions including the Boston Society of Natural History Museum and the Harvard Botanical Museum. During a trip to the United States in 1853, somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic, Leopold Blaschka had a chance to observe bioluminescent jellyfish, which made a lasting impression on him.

The artists were in contact with Ernst Haeckel, the most important Darwinist on the continent, a German scientist who researched Mediterranean, South and Southeast Asian waters, and described more than 3,500 new species of invertebrates. Another source of inspiration was the Englishman Philip Henry Gosse, the avid naturalist and popularizer of the aquarium. It is known that the Blaschkas had many live animals sent from the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn in Naples. Each sample shows how well the legendary Blaschkas knew their craft. In fact, there is scarcely anyone working today who is able to reach their level of precision. They took a particular liking to those animals that presented particular challenges, such as sea slugs with their unusual mixture of colours.

Drew Harvell, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University, takes these legendary artists and their work as the starting point for an intriguing journey into the underwater world. How are the animals that the Blaschkas artificially recreated faring today? The "Blaschka matches" run like a thread through her book A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' fragile legacy in an ocean at risk (she also discusses some that have not been created in glass). Photos of marine animals in tide pools alternate with the ones of the glass models and watercolours.

In addition to highlighting the difference between now and then, Harvell also uses as an organizing framework the span of her own career as a biologist who has scrutinized the underwater world in such diverse places as Mexico, Indonesia, Hawaii, the Mediterranean and the Pacific Northwest of North America. Over the course of her work, she has been able to observe ecological changes taking place. Now, in her multifaceted book, Harvell introduces a whole menagerie of fascinating creatures, some of which are threatened by extinction, whereas others have become more numerous owing to the disappearance of their natural enemies as a result of overfishing, or a shift in the balance of ecological conditions. As Harvell emphasizes, however, it is difficult, if not impossible, to get the whole picture: "Although we know that certain species of jellyfish are disappearing, and diversity is diminished, it will be a long time before we have estimates on how many rare and spectacular jellyfish we are losing".

The elegance and harmony that these seemingly peaceful creatures display should not mask the fact that they can be dangerous or even lethal to humans. A particularly memorable character, common in today's oceans, is the venomous Portuguese man-of-war, a superorganism "because it is a complicated colony of feeding, defensive, and reproductive polyps all working together". What appears as a jellyfish is in fact a so-called siphonophore. Harvell recounts a diving trip in the waters near Portofino, east of Genoa on the Ligurian coast, in the shadow of a cargo ship that sank in 1967. In this area, known for its high marine biodiversity, she encounters the mauve stinger jelly without immediately realizing the danger it represented. "After I finished admiring the amethyst-studded purple bells and eighteeninch-trailing mouth palps, I noticed the almost invisible, translucent tentacles trailing twenty feet beyond the jellyfish. They were set like a minefield stretching from the bell of the jellyfish to the tips of its tentacles."

Swiftly moving between the elements, between past and present, between diving excursions and her laboratory, the author sheds light on a much overlooked group of animals. In today's oceanariums, invertebrates such as jellyfish and anemones are often mere decoration for more popular visitor attractions, such as sharks or colourful tropical fish. But the brilliance and sophistication of these complex and fragile other creatures lies in the details, and there are many things to discover.

A Sea of Glass is a successful combination of scientific, historical, artistic and ecological perspectives, refreshingly free of scholarly jargon. While ecological disasters and the threat of species extinction loom large for any observant reader today, this book manages to present a much fuller picture.

The new permanent display of sixty of these fragile Blaschka glass models at the Harvard Museum of Natural History has at least given them the place they deserve. They are a reminder of a whole group of animals many of which are in danger today. While glass sculptures can be repaired, the tender oceanic creatures they represent cannot once they are lost.

Caption: Chiroteuthis veranyi; from A Sea of Glass

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2016 NI Syndication Limited
https://www.the-tls.co.uk/
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Brunner, Bernd. "Beauty of the beast: Rediscovering the elegant complexity of marine invertebrates." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 5914, 5 Aug. 2016, p. 27. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A635182249/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=e8864fb8. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Harvell, Drew. A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk. Univ. of California. May 2016. 323p. illus. bibliog. index. ISBN 9780520285682. $29.95. NAT HIST

Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka were a remarkable father-and-son team of naturalist glassblowers working in 19th-century Germany. They created hundreds of glass marine invertebrates commissioned by universities in Europe and the United States for use as teaching collections. Working from illustrations in books as well as live specimens housed in their own aquaria, they received regular shipments of living sea animals from Trieste, Italy; Kiel, Germany; and Weymouth, England. Harvell (biology, Cornell) embarked on diving expeditions to survey the oceans off Friday Harbor, WA; Liguria, Italy; and other sites to compare the numbers and diversity of living populations with those of 160 years ago. Readers are introduced to the anatomy, physiology, and ecological relationships of such animals as anemones, corals, jellyfish, octopuses, tubeworms, and sea slugs. Unfortunately, Harvell discovered, the increasing acidity of the oceans owing to high levels of carbon dioxide, overfishing and pollution has greatly reduced the numbers and types of animals living today. The author makes an eloquent plea for marine biodiversity conservation. VERDICT General readers, as well as those who enjoyed J.E.N. Veron's A Reef in Time: The Great Barrier Reef from Beginning to End and Richard Ellis's The Empty Ocean, will appreciate this volume.--Judith B. Barnett, Univ. of Rhode Island Lib., Kingston

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2016 A wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
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Barnett, Judith B. "Harvell, Drew. A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk." Library Journal, vol. 141, no. 9, 15 May 2016, pp. 96+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A452883877/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=de8d3b8e. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Harvell, C. Drew. Ocean outbreak: confronting the rising tide of marine disease. California, 2019. 216p bibl index ISBN 9780520296978 cloth, $26.95; ISBN 9780520969506 ebook, $26.95

(cc) 56-4681

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CIP

One aspect of marine biology fascinates many: How do marine organisms and their behavior differ from what we observe of nature in our terrestrial world? Much of the ocean realm is hidden from us, unless we make special efforts to see what is there. Unfortunately, this circumstance has a dark side. Harvell (Cornell) documents an unsettling phenomenon: the growing and largely unseen devastation of many populations of marine organisms by infectious diseases. These emerging disease outbreaks derive from human-caused factors such as pollution, habitat alteration, and climate change. The changes to the marine communities experiencing these diseases are shocking and will eventually affect human use of and appreciation for the world's oceans. This well-written narrative can benefit a wide range of audiences. It provides insights not only into marine diseases but also into the constraints and practices of scientists responding to environmental threats. Relevant scientific literature is listed in the references but does not interrupt the flow of the writing. A limited number of diagrams and black-and-white pictures are presented to illustrate important points. Summing Up: ** Recommended. All readers.--S. R. Fegley, emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2019 American Library Association CHOICE
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Fegley, S.R. "Harvell, C. Drew. Ocean outbreak: confronting the rising tide of marine disease." CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, vol. 56, no. 12, Aug. 2019, p. 1485. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596468961/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=4b189ef8. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Drew Harvell; OCEAN OUTBREAK; University of California Press (Nonfiction: Ecology & Environment) 26.95 ISBN: 9780520296978

Byline: Barry Silverstein

Drew Harvell's Ocean Outbreak is an engaging, eye-opening report on the diseases affecting the health of the ocean.

The world's warming waters precipitate marine disease, and Harvell -- relying on her own knowledge and timely research -- presents a sobering study of outbreaks among coral, abalone, salmon, and starfish to demonstrate the current peril. Each outbreak is covered in detail, explaining causes and effects in layperson's terms. Compelling black-and-white photographs dramatize the impact of diseases on sea life.

Perhaps most interesting are Harvell's first-hand accounts of studying marine diseases. In researching coral outbreaks, she participated in Hydrolab, a federally funded underwater laboratory. Subsequent underwater research on sea fans resulted in the exciting realization that corals have an immune system that seems to be able to fight off disease. Still, heat stress and lethal diseases are a deadly combination.

An epidemic that was killing off starfish results in an equally fascinating story, especially since Harvell's team was able to identify the likely villain but couldn't stop it. She chillingly points out that the "threat of the imminent extinction" of corals and starfish "and their cascading ecological impacts" should be of great concern to all of humanity. Also referenced are plastics and bacteria associated with human diseases that are injurious to the ocean's overall health. A strong closing case is made for improving monitoring systems and responding to infectious diseases in the ocean.

Harvell writes from a scientist's perspective, yet her style is down to earth and her prose is accessible. As such, she achieves her essential objective of making the public "more aware of the seriousness of the threats that ocean pathogens pose to our food supplies, economies, livelihoods, and health."

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2019 Foreword Magazine, Inc.
http://www.forewordmagazine.com
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Silverstein, Barry. "Ocean Outbreak; Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease." ForeWord, 27 Apr. 2019. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A583919636/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=bef46f9d. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

The Ocean's Menagerie: How Earth's Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life

Drew Harvell. Viking, $32 (288p)

ISBN 978-0-593-65428-6

Harvell (Ocean Outbreak), an ecology professor emeritus at Cornell University, serves up an entrancing examination of marine invertebrates' many peculiarities. She describes, for instance, how the coral skeleton has evolved to act "like a hall of mirrors" directing sunlight toward the tiny photosynthetic algae that live within coral and generate energy for its host. Sea slugs known as nudibranchs upended prevailing scientific wisdom that "cells and tissues were not shared between different species," she writes, discussing how they incorporate into their own defensive systems the "vicious stinging cells called nematocysts" that they absorb from the anemones they prey on. Exploring scientific efforts to harness aquatic creatures' adaptations for humanity's benefit, Harvell describes how pharmaceutical companies are working to incorporate the cancer-slowing chemicals produced by sea sponges into drug treatments, and how doctors hope coral-derived materials might one day be used as a substitute for human bone in reconstructive surgeries. Throughout, Harvell emphasizes invertebrates' outsize influence on their ecosystems, describing how giant clams filter pathogenic bacteria from water and how coral provide protection from waves and erosion for the crustaceans, fish, and other creatures that live on reefs. Buoyed by fascinating trivia and lay reader-friendly science, this should be a no-brainer for nature lovers. Agent: Katherine Flynn, Calligraph. (Apr.)

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2025 PWxyz, LLC
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"The Ocean's Menagerie: How Earth's Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life." Publishers Weekly, vol. 271, no. 8, 24 Feb. 2025, p. 87. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A829937667/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=e8d0e202. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Harvell, Drew THE OCEAN'S MENAGERIE Viking (NonFiction None) $32.00 4, 22 ISBN: 9780593654286

Accounts of oceanic invertebrates are not a genre, but this "overview of" makes a good case for it.

Of 35 animal groups, one is vertebrates, from sharks to humans. The remaining 34 have no backbones; most live in the ocean and turn out to be abundant, often grotesque, and possessed of "superpowers" useful not only in their struggle for existence but also through chemicals and structures that may improve human lives and fight disease. Fish and mammals remain in the background, but few readers will complain as marine biologist Harvell, author ofOcean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease, describes the creatures she loves whose complexity belies their ancient evolutionary history. Passing over billions of years of single-celled life, she begins more than 600 million years ago, when the first multicellular organism appeared, probably a sponge. A sponge has no eyes, limbs, head, or organs, and it can't move. It's basically a collection of cells that suck in water, extract bacteria-size food, and then expel it. Despite this simplicity, it carries on sophisticated life processes. Corals exist in symbiosis with algae, which provide them with food; together, they build the world's largest living colonies, which may stand over 40 feet high and extend hundred of miles. Intelligent octopuses, giant clams, rapacious sea slugs, deadly jellies (they aren't fish), and essential keystone stars (also not fish) reveal their secrets and display their superpowers, a description less hyperbolic than it appears at first. It has become traditional to conclude natural histories with bad news, and Harvell does not break the mold. Warming and acidifying oceans continue to kill coral reefs across the world. Also to blame, not surprisingly, are overfishing and pollution.

A good read about bizarre creatures.

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2025 Kirkus Media LLC
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"Harvell, Drew: THE OCEAN'S MENAGERIE." Kirkus Reviews, 1 Mar. 2025. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A828785203/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=643db850. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

The Ocean's Menagerie: How Earth's Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life

by Drew Harvell

The Bodley Head, [pounds sterling]20, pp. 288

While they may be outnumbered and outweighed by insects, the terrestrial world is really the kingdom of the vertebrates. Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians dominate most ecosystems. Yet, as Drew Harvell points out in her fascinating new book, the seeming diversity of the terrestrial vertebrates is deceptive. In fact all are contained within just one of the 34 groups of animals that live on our planet, and their many designs are really variations on a quite narrow set of themes. This means that all share bilateral symmetry--heads with eyes and brains atop bodies with four limbs that contain their organs.

By contrast, the other 33 groups of animals, the invertebrates, are astonishingly various in their design, with arsenals of adaptations and biological tricks. And while there are many invertebrates on land, it is in the ocean--the birthplace of all life on Earth--that their evolutionary innovations find their most extraordinary expression. Invertebrates subvert our assumptions about the basic nature of animals. Whereas animals on land are almost exclusively mobile, many marine animals, such as corals, sea pens, anemones and sea squirts, spend most of their lives anchored in one place, like plants; others do not breathe oxygen or even consume food in the form of organic matter. Invertebrates also possess abilities that challenge our conception of the boundaries between different kinds of organisms.

Harvell, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University, writes vividly and with tangible delight about this strange world, zooming in on a series of the most striking of these animals. Along the way, she teases out not just the radical nature of their adaptations but also their potential to help open up new avenues for human innovation.

Many of these possibilities are biomedical. Chemicals produced by marine animals have already transformed the treatment of a range of conditions. Successful breast and ovarian cancer drugs such as Halaven and Yondelis are derived from compounds found in them, while their bacteria has also helped lead to new antibiotics. Even the antiretroviral, AZT, which was used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission between mothers and children, came from the ocean.

While some of these drugs derive from other creatures--Halaven, for instance, is based on a compound produced by a form of sea squirt, and the painkiller Prialt evolved from the venom of a cone shell--the bulk of them come from sponges. Sponges are often thought of as primitive animals, partly because they, or the comb jellies, are the deepest branch on the tree of life, having diverged from all other animals around 600 million years ago. Yet while they lack eyes, limbs and even organs, the 5,000-odd species of sponges found in the ocean are extremely sophisticated creatures. They have cells capable of taking multiple forms or regenerating its parent from just a single cell, and remarkable abilities to control and direct the flow of water through their bodies. More importantly, sponges contain bacteria and micro-algae that can create the huge variety of chemical compounds that are already proving so valuable to humans.

The compounds produced by the bacteria have various purposes, but many play a part in helping protect the sponges from disease. Scientists have traditionally seen the ability to distinguish self from non-self as the basic mechanism underpinning the immune system. But the intertwined evolution and exchange of genes between sponges and their bacterial symbionts suggests our understanding of immune system function is at best incomplete.

These questions are pushed further in Harvell's discussions of species of nudibranch. These are capable of ingesting algae and incorporating their photosynthetic abilities, so they become photosynthesising animals; or, even more remarkably, they can eat the stinging nematocytes of anemones and add them to their own bodies. The ability to incorporate the cells of a completely separate species has profound implications for organ transplants, opening up the possibility of preventing rejection.

Harvell also explores the use of the chemicals used by bioluminescent animals in medical imaging; the development of smart materials that utilise the abilities of the skin cells of octopuses to change colour and texture; and new biomaterials capable of transitioning from flexibility to rigidity, based on the skin of sea stars and sea cucumbers.

Her discussion of these wonders is given an uncomfortable urgency by the accelerating catastrophe of anthropogenic change, as rising ocean temperatures and other factors place increasing pressure on marine ecosystems. It is also, although less obviously, shadowed by the complex debates surrounding the question of who owns the immense genetic resources of the ocean, and the history of their exploitation by corporations in the Global North at the expense of the peoples in whose waters they originate. Nonetheless, Harvell's rapturous descriptions of marine environments and her belief that 'the rules of life can be reshaped' offer a powerful reminder of how much we have to gain by saving the ocean.

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2025 The Spectator Ltd. (UK)
http://www.spectator.co.uk
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Bradley, James. "The power of the spineless." Spectator, vol. 358, no. 10263, 10 May 2025, pp. 38+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A840013304/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=d8c4f549. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

Schultz, Jack C. "The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses." Ecology, vol. 80, no. 7, Oct. 1999, p. 2456. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57398276/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=7cb7de8c. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. Brunner, Bernd. "Beauty of the beast: Rediscovering the elegant complexity of marine invertebrates." TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 5914, 5 Aug. 2016, p. 27. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A635182249/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=e8864fb8. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. Barnett, Judith B. "Harvell, Drew. A Sea of Glass: Searching for the Blaschkas' Fragile Legacy in an Ocean at Risk." Library Journal, vol. 141, no. 9, 15 May 2016, pp. 96+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A452883877/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=de8d3b8e. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. Fegley, S.R. "Harvell, C. Drew. Ocean outbreak: confronting the rising tide of marine disease." CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, vol. 56, no. 12, Aug. 2019, p. 1485. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A596468961/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=4b189ef8. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. Silverstein, Barry. "Ocean Outbreak; Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease." ForeWord, 27 Apr. 2019. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A583919636/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=bef46f9d. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. "The Ocean's Menagerie: How Earth's Strangest Creatures Reshape the Rules of Life." Publishers Weekly, vol. 271, no. 8, 24 Feb. 2025, p. 87. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A829937667/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=e8d0e202. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. "Harvell, Drew: THE OCEAN'S MENAGERIE." Kirkus Reviews, 1 Mar. 2025. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A828785203/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=643db850. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025. Bradley, James. "The power of the spineless." Spectator, vol. 358, no. 10263, 10 May 2025, pp. 38+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A840013304/ITOF?u=schlager&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=d8c4f549. Accessed 22 Aug. 2025.

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